Vermont’s housing shortage persists because building homes requires navigating a chain of barriers that can stall projects long before construction begins. These include regulatory complexity, uncertainty about permitting pathways, the decline of small-scale developers who historically built much of the state’s housing, and the high upfront costs of design and engineering. Even when projects clear those hurdles, they must still contend with high construction costs, limited infrastructure in many communities, and financing challenges—especially for small multifamily housing that falls between traditional single-family mortgages and large commercial development loans.

Congress for the New Urbanism recently highlighted Vermont’s new 802 Homes initiative, which directly addresses several of these barriers. Most promising, by offering professionally designed, code-compliant housing plans at little or no cost, the program can eliminate a major upfront expense and shorten the design and state-level permitting phase for projects like ADUs, duplexes, and small multiplexes. That alone could make many small projects more feasible for homeowners and first-time builders who might otherwise be deterred by the cost and complexity of hiring architects and engineers.

The initiative also includes training and tools intended to rebuild the pipeline of small-scale developers and help participants understand financing and project feasibility. Pre-reviewed designs may help streamline permitting in participating communities, but each site still has unique constraints—such as setbacks, utilities, and access—that require local review. As a result, the program’s most immediate impact is likely to be reducing design costs and timelines, while its effects on permitting, financing, and developer capacity are likely to be more incremental.

While 802 Homes is a promising approach to relieving housing bottlenecks, some of the most significant constraints on housing production remain unresolved--particularly the high cost of construction itself. While the initiative highlights modular off-site construction as a potential solution, Vermont’s past experience (e.g. Vermod homes) suggests modular housing has not substantially reduced costs or scaled production. Manufactured housing, by contrast, can deliver high-quality, energy-efficient homes at dramatically lower prices, often around $120 per square foot compared with $300-$400 for modular housing. This housing type faces development and permitting barriers of its own, however. Addressing these barriers is a potentially high-leverage strategy Vermont could pursue more aggressively to increase housing production at the scale needed to solve the housing crisis.